Blob3D

The following overview is excerpted from: Ketcham, R.A. (2005a) Computational methods for quantitative analysis of three-dimensional features in geological specimens. Geosphere, 1, 32-41.

Blob3D is designed for efficient measurement of up to thousands of discrete features (e.g. clasts, mineral grains, porphyroblasts, voids) within a single sample. Blob3D is unique because it gives the program operator primary control over data interpretation and measurement, and all computations are carried out in 3D, rather than individually on a series of 2D slices.

A “blob” is a contiguous set of voxels (3D pixels) that meets some user-defined criteria. Three steps are involved in Blob3D data processing. In the first step, Segment, a set of criteria are defined by the user that defines which voxels belong to the material of interest. The second step, Separate, distinguishes contiguous sets of segmented voxels (i.e. blobs) and allows the operator to divide interconnected or touching objects into individual objects. The third step, Extract, performs measurements on separated objects, such as size, shape, orientation, and contact relationships. Another feature in the Extract module allows the user to input sample coordinates (e.g. strike and dip) and the program calculates geographic coordinates for mineral grains or other features of interest in a sample.

Blob3D is a powerful quantitative tool for CT data and has been applied to the study of a wide variety of problems. Geological examples include textural analysis of porphyroblasts in metamorphic rocks (Ketcham et al., 2005), measurement of vesicles in meteoritic basalts (Benedix et al., 2003; McCoy et al., 2002) and troilite particles in chondritic meteorites (Nettles and McSween, 2006), and grading and orientation analysis of gold grains in ores (Kyle and Ketcham, 2003; Mote et al., 2005). It can also be used for engineering applications, such as quantifying aggregate clasts in asphalt concretes (Ketcham and Shashidhar, 2001) and the pore structure of tissue scaffolds (Dunkers et al., 2005). It can also be used for segmenting and quantifying complex three-dimensional structures such as nasal passageways (Rowe et al., 2005).

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Blob3d_A

Example of BLOB3D processing for cluster of garnet porphyroblasts. Because garnet is the only porphyroblast, it can be segmented using a simple grayscale threshold (A, B). When inspected in two dimensions (B) and three dimensions (C) it is apparent that the cluster consists of four individual crystals. Separation was accomplished (D) using erosion-dilation operations. To estimate the extended volume and center of nucleation for lower-right crystal (E), a sphere primitive was fit to outer surface (F) by excluding from consideration points in contact with other garnet (from Ketcham, 2005a).

Blob3d_B

Example of typical processing operations in Separate module. Part A shows a sample of computed tomography (CT) data of a cluster of spheres; field of view is 70 mm. A three-dimensional volume searching algorighm finds all voxels in contact, up to limits imposed by computer memory (B); faces truncated by the algorithm are marked in red. “Stair steps” on upper and lower portions of spheres are caused by 3:1 voxel aspect ratio (inter-slice vs. inter-pixel spacing). An erosion/dilation operator successfully separates most of the spheres (C). Those contacting truncated faces have their processing postponed (D), allowing interior spheres to be processed (from Ketcham, 2005a).

Papers Utilizing Blob3D

Aboulhassan, A., Brun, F., Kourousias, G, Lanzafame, G., Voltolini, A., Contillo, A., and Mancini, L. (2022) PyPore3D: an open source software tool for imaging data processing and analysis of porous and multiphase media. Journal of Imaging, 8, 187.
Albaret, L., Bystricky, M., and Launeau, P. (2019) Crystal clustering in magmas: insights from HP–HT experiments. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 351, 574-585.
Altman, S.J., Aminzadeh, B., Balhoff, M.T., Bennett, P.C., Bryant, S.L., Cardenas, M.B., Chaudhary, K., Cygan, R.T., Deng, W., Dewers, T., DiCarlo, D.A., Eichhubl, P., Hesse, M. A., Huh, C., Matteo, E.N., Mehmani, Y., Tenney, C.M., and Yoon, H. (2014) Chemical and hydrodynamic mechanisms for long-term geological carbon storage. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118, 15103-15113.
Alvarez-Barreto, J.F., Shreve, M.C., Deangelis, P.L., and Sikavitsas, V.I. (2007) Preparation of a functionally flexible, three-dimensional, biomimetic poly(L-lactic acid) scaffold with improved cell adhesion. Tissue Engineering, 13, 1205-1217.
Álvarez-Murga, M., Perrillat, J.P., Le Godec, Y., Bergame, F., Philippe, J., King, A., Guignot, N., Mezouar, M., and Hodeau, J.L. (2017) Development of synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 24, 240-247.
Andronico, D., Corsaro, R.A., Cristaldi, A., and Polacci, M. (2008) Characterizing high energy explosive eruptions at Stromboli volcano using multidisciplinary data: an example from the 9 January 2005 explosion. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 176, 541-550.
Astolfo, A., Arfelli, F., Schültke, E., James, S., Mancini, L., and Menk, R.-H. (2013) A detailed study of gold-nanoparticle loaded cells using X-ray based techniques for cell-tracking applications with single-cell sensitivity. Nanoscale, 5, 3337-3345.
Atarita, F.R., Bijaksana, S., Ndari, N.R.D.W., Pratama, A., Taqwantara, R.F., Fajar, S.J., and Latief, F.D.E. (2019) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and preferred pore orientation in lava flow from the Ijen Volcanic Complex, East Java, Indonesia. Geosciences, 9, 304.
Bai, L., Baker, D.R., and Hill, R.J. (2010) Permeability of vesicular Stromboli basaltic glass: Lattice Boltzmann simultations and laboratory measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, 16.
Bai, L., Baker, D.R., Polacci, M., and Hill, R.J. (2011) In-situ degassing study on crystal-bearing Stromboli basaltic magmas: Implications for Stromboli explosions. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, 5.
Bai, L., Baker, D.R., and Rivers, M. (2008) Experimental study of bubble growth in Stromboli basalt melts at 1 atm. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 267, 533-547.
Baker, D.R., Polacci, M., and LaRue, A. (2011) A study on the reproducibility of counting vesicles in volcanic rocks. Geosphere, 7, 70-78.
Baker, M (2019) Correcting for systematic error and estimating the uncertainties of alpha-ejection corrections and eU values for the zircon (U/Th)/He method. MS thesis, Geology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 59p.
Bardenhagen, S.G., Luo, H., Armstrong, R.W., and Lu, H. (2012) Detailed characterization of PBX morphology for mesoscale simulations. In AIP Conference Proceedings,1426, 637-640.
Balen, D., and Petrinec, Z. (2011) Contrasting tourmaline types from peraluminous granites: a case study from Moslavaca Gora (Croatia). Mineralogy and Petrology, 102, 117-134.
Balen, D., and Petrinec, Z. (2009) Tourmaline nodule distribution, shape and internal structure: 3D study of granite texture revealed by serial sectioning tomography. In 9th Workshop on Alpine Geological Studie.
Belfanti, S.A. (2019) Feldspar megacrysts as a window into the crystallization of silicic magmas: a study in the Tuolumne Intrusive Complex, Yosemite National Park, CA. MS thesis, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 81p.
Benedix, G.K., Ketcham, R.A., McCoy, T.J., and Wilson, L. (2003) Vesiculation in ordinary chondrites due to impact melting: the “PAT” 91501 answers. LPSC XXXIV (Abstract #1947; CD-ROM).
Benedix, G.K., Bland, P.A., Friedrich, J.M., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Sanborn, M.E., Yin, Q.-Z., Greenwood, R.C., Franchi, I.A., Bevan, A.W.R., Towner, M.C., Perrotta, G.C., and Mertzman, S.A. (2017) Bunburra Rockhole: Exploring the geology of a new differentiated asteroid. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 208, 145-159.
Berger, A., Herwegh, M., Schwarz, J.-O., and Putlitz, B. (2011) Quantitative analysis of crystal/grain sizes and their distributions in 2D and 3D. Journal of Structural Geology, 33, 1751-1763.
Bernard, K., and van Wyk de Vries, B. (2017) Volcanic avalanche fault zone with pseudotachylite and gouge in French Massif Central. Ceramics International, 38, 5859-5870.
Bernasconi, A., Diella, V., Marinoni, N., Pavese, A., and Francescon, F. (2012) Influence of composition on some industrially relevant properties of traditional sanitary-ware glaze. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 347, 112-135.
Bidgoli, T.S., Tyrrell, J.P., Möller, A., Walker, J.D., and Stockli, D.F. (2018) Conodont thermochronology of exhumed footwalls of low-angle normal faults: a pilot study in the Mormon Mountains, Tule Springs Hills, and Beaver Dam Mountains, southeastern Nevada and southwestern Utah. Chemical Geology, 495, 1-17.
Biguenet, M., Chaumillon, E., Sabatier, P., Paris, R., Vacher, P., and Feuillet, N . (2022) Discriminating between tsunamis and tropical cyclones in the sedimentary record using X-ray tomography. Marine Geology, 450, 106864.
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Burgisser, A., Chevalier, L., Gardner, J.E., and Castro, J.M. (2017) The percolation threshold and permeability evolution of ascending magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 470, 37-47.
Bussey, J.M., Weber, M.H., Smith-Gray, N.J., Sly, J.J., and McCloy, J.S. (2023) Examining phase separation and crystallization in glasses with X-ray nano-computed tomography. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 600, 121987.
Caricchi, L, Pommier, A., Pistone, M., Castro, J., Burgisser, A., and Perugini, D. (2011) Strain-induced magma degassing: insights from simple-shear experiments on bubble bearing melts. Bulletin of Volcanology, 73, 1245-1257.
Carlson, W.D., and Gordon, C.L. (2004) Effects of matrix grain size on the kinetics of intergranular diffusion. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 22, 733-742.
Carr, S., Diggens, L., Groves, J., O’Sullivan, C., and Marsland, R. (2015) Visualising, segmenting and analysing heterogenous glacigenic sediments using 3D x-ray CT. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.
Carroll, K.C., McDonald, K.,  Marble, J., Russo, A.E., and Brusseau, M.L. (2016) The impact of transitions between two-fluid and three-fluid phases on fluid configuration and fluid-fluid interfacial area in porous media. Water Resources Research, 51, 7189-7201.
Castro, J.M., Burgisser, A., Schipper, I., and Mancini, S. (2012) Mechanisms of bubble coalescence in silicic magmas. Bulletin of Volcanology, 74, 2339-2352.
Chen, C. (2016) Investigation of Gas Transport in Shale Reservoirs Using Multiscale Modeling and Principal Component Analysis. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 28-30 September, Houston, Texas USA, 19 pgs.
Chen, C., Hu, D., Westacott, D., and Loveless, D. (2013) Nanometer‐scale characterization of microscopic pores in shale kerogen by image analysis and pore‐scale modeling. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, 4066-4075.
Chen, C., Lau, B.L., Gaillard, J.F., and Packman, A.I. (2009) Temporal evolution of pore geometry, fluid flow, and solute transport resulting from colloid deposition. Water resources research, 45.
Chen, C., Packman, A.I., and Gaillard, J.F. (2008) Pore‐scale analysis of permeability reduction resulting from colloid deposition. Geophysical Research Letters, 35.
Chen, C., Wang, Z., Majeti, D., Vrvilo, N., Warburton, T., Sarkar, V., and Li, G. (2016) Optimization of Lattice Boltzmann Simulation With Graphics-Processing-Unit Parallel Computing and the Application in Reservoir Characterization. SPE Journal, 21, 11 pgs.
Cheng, Z., and Wang, J. (2020) Improved region growing method for image segmentation of three-phase materials. Powder Technology, 368, 80-89.
Clark, A.N., Lesher, C.E., Jacobsen, S.D., and Wang, Y. (2016) Anomalous density and elastic properties of basalt at high pressure: Reevaluating of the effect of melt fraction on seismic velocity in the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121, 4232-4248.
Coban, S.B., Lionheart, W.R.B., and Withers, P.J. (2021) Assessing the efficacy of tomographic reconstruction methods through physical quantification techniques. Measurement Science and Technology, 32, 075404.
Cooperdock, E.H.G., Ketcham, R.A., and Stockli, D.F. (2019) Resolving the effects of 2-D versus 3-D grain measurements on apatite (U–Th)/He age data and reproducibility. Geochronology, 1, 17-41.
Cooperdock, E.H.G., Hoffman, F., Tibbetts, R.M.C., Carrera, A., Takase, A., and Celestian, A.J. (2022) Technical note: Rapid phase identification of apatite and zircon grains for geochronology using X-ray micro-computed tomography. Geochronology, 4, 501-515.
Costanza-Robinson, M.S., Estabrook, B.D., and Fouhey, D.F. (2011) Representative elementary volume estimation for porosity, moisture saturation, and air-water interfacial areas in unsaturated porous media: data quality implications. Water Resources Research, 47, W07513.
Costanza-Robinson, M.S., Harrold, K.H., and Lieb-Lappen, R.M. (2008) X-ray microtomography determination of air− water interfacial area− water saturation relationships in sandy porous media. Environmental science & technology, 42, 2949-2956.
Coelho, G., Branquet, Y., Sizaret, S., Arbaret, L., Champallier, R., and Rozenbaum, O. (2015) Permeability of sheeted dykes beneath oceanic ridges: Strain experiments coupled with 3D numerical modeling of the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus. Tectonophysics, 644-645, 138-150.
Dalton, L.E., Crandall, D., and Goodman, A. (2020) Characterizing the evolution of trapped scCO2 curvature in Bentheimer and Nugget sandstone pore geometry. Geofluids, 2020, 3016595.
Dalton, L.E., Tapriyal, D., Crandall, D., Goodman, A., Shi, F., and Haeri, F. (2020) Contact angle measurements using sessile drop and micro-CT data from six sandstones. Transport in Porous Media, 133, 71-83.
Degruyter, W., Bachmann, O., and Burgisser, A. (2009) Controls on magma permeability in the volcanic conduit during the climactic phase of the Kos Plateau Tuff eruption (Aegean Arc). Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 63-74.
Degruyter, Burgisser, A., Bachmann, O., and Malaspinas, O. (2010) Synchrotron X-ray microtomography and lattice Boltzmann simulations of gas flow through volcanic pumices. Geosphere, 6, 470-481.
Desrues, J., Viggiani, G., and Besuelle, P. (2010) Advances in X-ray Tomography for Geomaterials. John Wiley & Sons.
Dionnet, Z., Suttle, M.D., Longobardo, A., Rotundi, A., Folco, L., Della Corte, V., and King, A. (2020) X‐ray computed tomography: morphological and porosity characterization of giant Antarctic micrometeorites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 55, 1581-1599.
Dück, Y., Liu, L., Lorke, A., Ostrovsky, I., Katsman, R., and Jokiel, C. (2019) A novel freeze corer for characterization of methane bubbles and assessment of coring disturbances. Limnology and Oceanography Methods, 17, 305-319.
Dufresne, A., Zernack, A., Bernard, K., Thouret, J.-C., and Roverato, M. (2020) Sedimentology of volcanic debris avalanche deposits, in Roverato, M., Dufresne, A., and Procter, J., eds., Volcanic Debris Avalanches, Springer, 175-210.
Dunkers, J.P., Leigh, S.D., Cicerone, M.T., Landis, F.A., Wang, F.W., and Tesk, J.A. (2005) NIST Development of Reference Material Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition 207-212.
Dunkers, J.P., Leigh, S.D., Dean, D., Cooke, M.N., Ketcham, R.A., and Cicerone, M.T. (2007) Methodology for evaluating candidate geometric reference scaffolds. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 35, 1-8.
Dunkers, J.P., Tesk, J.A., Dean, D., Cooke, M.N., Ketcham, R.A., and Cicerone, M.T. (2005) Quantitative analysis of a candidate porosity reference scaffold: Type 1. 2005 Summer ASME Bioengineering Conference, June 22-26, Vail, CO.
Dyer, S. (2020) The Early Jurassic metamorphic history of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane of Northwestern British Columbia: insights from a new inverse garnet fractionation modelling technique. MS Thesis, Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 297 p.
Dyess, J. E., Hansen, V. L., and Goscinak, C. (2015) Constrains on vorticity and non-coaxial shear direction in Neoarchean L-S tectonites, an example from northern Minnesota, USA. Precambrian Research, 256, 189-200.
Dziawa, C., Gaidies, F., and Percival, J. (2019) Conditions and timing of low-pressure – high-temperature metamorphism in the Montresor Belt, Rae Province, Nunavut. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56, 654-671.
Eckley, S.A., and Ketcham, R.A. (2019) 4D Imaging of mineral dissolution in porous carbonado diamond: implications for acid digestion and XCT measurement of porosity and material properties. Frontiers in Earch Science, 7, 288.
Falvard, S., and Paris, R. (2016) X-ray tomography of tsunami deposits: towards a new depositional model of tsunami deposits. Sedimentology, 64, 453-477.
Eckley, S.A., and Ketcham, R.A. (2019) 4D Imaging of mineral dissolution in porous carbonado diamond: implications for acid digestion and XCT measurement of porosity and material properties. Frontiers in Earth Science, 7, 288
Eckley, S.A., and Ketcham, R.A. (2022) The utility of X-ray computed tomography in astromaterials research and curation: A case study from Martian meteorites. Microscopy Microanalysis, 28 (Suppl. S1), 2678-2680
Ferraz da Costa, M., Kyle, J.R., Lobato, L.M. Ketcham, R.A., Figueiredo e Silva, R.C., and Fernandes, R.C. (2022) Orogenic gold ores in three-dimensions: A case study of distinct mineralization styles at the world-class Cuiabá deposit, Brazil, using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography on gold particles. Ore Geology Reviews, 140, 104584.
Field, M., Gernon, T.M., Mock, A., Walters, A., Sparks, R.S.J., and Jerram, D.A. (2009) Variations of olivine abundance and grain size in the Snap Lake kimberlite intrusion, Northwest Territories, Canada: A possible proxy for diamonds. Lithos, 112, 23-35.
Friedrich, J.M. (2014) A classroom-based distributed workflow initiative for the early involvement of undergraduate students in scientific research. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 35, 1-8.
Friedrich, J.M. (2008) Quantitative methods for three-dimensional comparison and petrographic description of chondrites. Computers & Geosciences34(12), 1926-1935.
Friedrich, J.M., and Rivers, M.L. (2013) Three-dimensional imaging of ordinary chondrite microporosity at 2.6 micrometer resolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 116, 63-70.
Friedrich, J.M., Macke, R.J., Wignarajah, D.P., Rivers, M.L., Britt, D.T., and Ebel, D.S. (2008) Pore size distribution in an uncompacted equilibrated ordinary chondrite. Planetary and Space Science, 56, 895-900.
Friedrich, J.M., Wignarajah, D.P., Chaudhary, S., Rivers, M.L., Nehru, C.E., and Ebel, D.S. (2008) Three-dimensional petrography of metal phases in equilibrated L chondrites—: effects of shock loading and dynamic compaction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 275, 172-180.
Friedrich, J.M., Wignarajah, D.P., Chaudhary, S., Rivers, M.L., Nehru, C.E., and Ebel, D.S. (2008) Dynamic compaction of asteroids: impact-induced preferred 3D orientation of metal grains in L chondrites. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008, Baltimore, Maryland.
Friedrich, J.M., Troiano, J., Rumble III, D., and Rivers, M.L. (2011) Compositional studies of four low-FeO ordinary chondrites: is a new chondritic meteorite parent body necessary? 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract 1885, Houston, Texas.
Friedrich, J.M., Rivers, M.L., Perlowitz, M.A., Meinhart, Z., and Ramirez, V.V. (2012) Characterization of particle size standard NIST 1019b with synchrotron X-ray microtomography and digital data extraction. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 29, 35-42.
Friedrich, J.M., Ruzicka, A., Rivers, M.L., Ebel, D.S., Thostenson, J.O., and Rudolph, R.A. (2013) Metal veins in the Kernouvé (H6 S1) chondrite: evidence for pre- or syn-metamorphic shear deformation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 116, 71-83.
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Friedrich, J.M., Chen, M.M., Giordiano, S.A., Matalka, O.K., Strasser, J.W., Tamucci, K.A., Rivers, M.L., and Ebel, D.S. (2022) Size-frequency distributions and physical properties of chondrules from X-ray computed microtomography and digital data extraction. Microscopy Research & Technique, 85, 1814-1824.
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Gaidies, F., Petley-Ragan, A., Chakraborty, S., Dasgupta, S., and Jones, P. (2015) Constraining the conditions of Barrovian metamorphism in Sikkim, India: P-T-t paths of garnet crystallization in the Lesser Himalayan Belt. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 33, 23-44.
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Hanna, R.D, Ketcham, R.A., Zolensky, M., and Behr, W.M. (2015) Impact-induced brittle deformation, porosity loss, and aqueous alteration in the Murchison CM chondrite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 171, 256-282.
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Hanna, R.D., and Ketcham, R.A. (2018) Evidence for accretion of fine-grained rims in a turbulent nebula for CM Murchison. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 481, 201-211.
Hardie, R.A., Schneider, D.A., and Garver, J.I.(2018) (U-Th)/He thermochronology of the Ottawa Embayment, Eastern Canada: The temperature-time history of an ancient, intracratonic rift basin. The Journal of Geology, 125, 659-680.
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Huddlestone-Holmes, C.R., and Ketcham, R.A. (2010) An X-ray computed tomography study of inclusion trail orientations in multiple porphyroblasts from a single sample. Tectonophysics, 480, 305-320.
Iassonov, P., Gebrenegus, T., and Tuller, M. (2009) Segmentation of X‐ray computed tomography images of porous materials: A crucial step for characterization and quantitative analysis of pore structures. Water Resources Research, 45.
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Jerram, D.A., Mock, A., Davis, G.R., Field, M., and Brown, R.J. (2009) 3D crystal size distributions: a case study on quantifying olivine populations in kimberlites. Lithos, 112, 223-235.
Karahan, G., Erol, A.S., and Erşahin, S. (2018) Advances in soil structure diagnoses. Anatolian Journal of Forest Research, 4, 36-43.
Ketcham, R.A. (2005a) Computational methods for quantitative analysis of three-dimensional features in geological specimens. Geosphere, 1, 32-41.
Ketcham, R.A. (2005b) Three-dimensional textural measurements using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 1217-1228.
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Ketcham, R.A., and Carlson, W.D. (2000) Quantitative characterization of asphalt concretes using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT). NCHRP-IDEA Program Project Final Rep. No. NCHRP-IDEA Project, 64.
Ketcham, R.A., and Hildebrandt, J. (2014) Characterizing, measuring, and utilizing the resolution of CT imagery for improved quantification of fine-scale features. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interaction with Materials and Atoms, 324, 80-87.
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Ketcham, R.A., and Shashidhar, N. (2001) Quantitative analysis of 3-D images of asphalt concrete, Paper No. 01-0321. Transportation Research Board 80th Annual Meeting. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Ketcham, R.A., Marschallinger, R., Zobl, F., Edey, D., Hofmann, P., Gottsbacher, L., Klammer, A., and Schubert, W. (2019) Catching failure in the act: mapping fracture initiation and spreading using X-ray tomography. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 21, EGU2019-18361-1.
Ketcham, R.A., Meth, C., Hirsch, D.M., and Carlson, W.D. (2005) Improved methods for quantitative analysis of three-dimensional porphyroblastic textures. Geosphere, 1, 42-59. Supplemental material: http://www.ctlab.geo.utexas.edu/pubs/ketcham_et_al/ketcham_et_al.htm
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Kyle, J.R., and Ketcham, R.A. (2003) In-situ distribution of gold ores using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Economic Geology, 98, 1697-1701. Supplemental material: http://www.ctlab.geo.utexas.edu/pubs/kyle&ketcham/k&k.htm
Kyle, J. R., and Ketcham, R. A. (2015) Application of high resolution X-ray computed tomography to mineral deposit origin, evaluation, and processing. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 821-839.
Kyle, J.R., Mote, A.S., and Ketcham, R.A. (2008) High resolution X-ray computed tomography studies of Grasberg porphyry Cu-Au ores, Papua, Indonesia. Mineralium Deposita, 43, 519-532.
Laine, P., Lampi, A.-M., Peura, M., Kansikas, J., Mikkonen, K., Willför, S., Tenkanen, M., and Jouppila, K. (2009) Comparison of microencapsulation properties of spruce galactoglucomannans and Arabic gum using a model hydrophobic core compound. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58, 981-989.
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McCoy, T.J., Ketcham, R.A., and Benedix, G.K. (2002) Vesicular basalts from asteroids: Clues to physical processes in their parent magmas. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXIII, Abstract 1213. Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, Houston.
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Mote, A.S., Ketcham, R.A., and Watson, W.P. (2006) Extracting particle orientations from three-dimensional datasets using BLOB3D, in Desrues, J., Viggiani, G., and Besuelle, P., eds., Advances in X-ray tomography for Geomaterials, ISTE, London, 407-413.
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Pamukçu, A., Anderson, A.T., and Gualda, G. (2006) Crystal sinking and bubble rising in late-erupted Bishop Tuff: A study of pumice clasts by x-ray tomography and physical separation. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.
Pamukçu, A.S., and Gualda, G.A.R. (2010) Quantitative 3D petrography using X-ray tomography 2: Combining information at various resolutions. Geosphere, 6, 775-781.
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Pamukçu, A.S., Gualda, G.A., and Rivers, M.L. (2013) Quantitative 3D petrography using X-ray tomography 4: Assessing glass inclusion textures with propagation phase-contrast tomography. Geosphere, 9, 1704-1713.
Pamukçu, A.S., Wright, K.A., Gualda, G.A.R., and Gravley, D. (2020) Magma residence and eruption at the Taupo Volcanic Center (Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand): insights from rhyolite‑MELTS geobarometry, difusion chronometry, and crystal textures . Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 175, 48.
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Peng, S., Hu, Q., Dultz, S., and Zhang, M. (2012) Using X-ray computed tomography in pore structure characterization for a Berea sandstone: Resolution effect. Journal of hydrology, 472, 254-261.
Peng, D., Huang, T., and Meng, C. (2012) Study on imaging arsenic aggregates in porous media by X-ray difference micro-tomography. Advances in Materials Research, 356-360, 2362-2366.
Petley-Ragan, A., Gaidies, F., and Pattison, D.R.M.(2016) A statistical analysis of the distribution of cordierite and biotite in hornfels from the Bugaboo contact aureole: implications for the kinetics of porphyroblast crystallization. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 34, 85-101.
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Polacci, M., Baker, D.R., Mancini, L., Tromba, G., and Zanini, F. (2006) Three-dimensional investigation of volcanic textures by X-ray microtomography and implications for conduit processes. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L13312.
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Polacci, M., Baker, D.R., La Rue, A., Mancini, L., and Allard, P. (2012) Degassing behaviour of vesiculated basaltic magmas: an example from Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu Arc. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 233-234, 55-64.
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Porter, M.L., and Wildenschild, D. (2009) Image analysis algorithms for estimating porous media multiphase flow variables from computed microtomography data: a validation study. Computational Geosciences, 14, 15-30.
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Ramandi, H.L., Irtza, S., Sirojan, T., Naman, A., Mathew, R., Sethu, V., and Roshan, H. (2022) FracDetect: A novel algorithm for 3D fracture detection in digital fractured rocks. Journal of Hydrology, 607, 127482.
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Rivers, M.L., and Gualda, G.A. (2009) ‘tomo_display’and’vol_tools’: IDL VM Packages for Tomography Data Reconstruction, Processing, and Visualization. AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts.
Roberts, K.L. (2009) Pore-Scale Analysis of DNAPL Dissolution and Biomass Distribution.
Robert, G., Allard, E., Jeff, L., Rivers, M., and Baker, D.R. (2004) Three-Dimensional Bubble Size Distributions From Growth at High Water Supersaturation: X-ray Microtomographic Investigations. AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts.
Robert, G., Baker, D.R., Rivers, M.L., Allard, E., and Larocque, J. (2004) Comparison of the bubble size distribution in silicate foams using 2-dimensional images and 3-dimensional x-ray microtomography, in Bonse, U., ed., Developments in X-Ray Tomography IV, Proceedings of SPIE, 5535, Bellingham, WA, 505-513.
Rowe, T.B., Eiting, T.P., Macrini, T.E., and Ketcham, R.A. (2005) Organization of the olfactory and respiratory skeleton in the nose of the gray short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12, 303-336.
Rowe, T.B., Luo, Z., Ketcham, R.A., Maisano, J.A., and Colbert, M.W. (2016) X-ray computed tomography datasets for forensic analysis of vertebrate fossils. Scientific Data, 3.
Ruzicka, A., Brown, R., Friedrich, J., Hutson, M., Huge, R., and Rivers, M. (2015) Shock-induced mobilization of metal and sulfide in planetesimals: Evidence from the Buck Mountains 005 (L6 S4) dike-bearing chondrite. American Mineralogist, 100, 2725-2738.
Saadeh, S., and Masad, E. (2010) On the relationship of microstructure properties of asphalt mixtures to their constitutive behaviour. International Journal of Materials and Structural Integrity, 4, 186-214.
Sasso, M.R., Macke, R.J., Boesenberg, J.S., Britt, D.T., Rivers, M.L., Ebel, D.S., and Friedrich, J.M. (2009) Incompletely compacted equilibrated ordinary chondrites. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 44, 1743-1753.
Sasso, M.R., Macke, R.J., Britt, D.T., Rivers, M.L., Ebel, D.S., and Friedrich, J.M. (2009) Physical properties of incompletely compacted equilibrated ordinary chondrites: implications for asteroidal structure and impact processing. 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, Texas.
Saur, H. (2022) Microstructure investigation by means of X-ray computed tomography: Application to fine-grained clastic rocks. Ph.D. dissertation. Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Geosciences, 211p.
Schipper, C.I., White, J.D., Nichols, A.R., Burgisser, A., Hellebrand, E., and Murtagh, R.M. (2012) Incipient melt segregation in subaqueous pyroclasts. Geology, 40,  355-358.
Schnaar, G., and Brusseau, M.L. (2005) Pore-scale characterization of organic immiscible-liquid morphology in natural porous media using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Environmental Science Technology, 39, 8403-8410.
Schnaar, G., and Brusseau, M.L. (2006) Characterizing pore-scale configuration of organic immiscible liquid in multiphase systems with synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Vadose Zone Journal, 5, 641-648.
Schnaar, G., and Brusseau, M.L. (2006) Characterizing pore-scale dissolution of organic immiscible liquid in natural porous media using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Environmental Science Technology, 40, 6622-6629.
Schopa, A., Floess, D., de Saint Blanquat, M., Annen, C., and Launeau, P. (2015) The relation between magnetite and silicate fabric in granitoids of the Adamello Batholith. Tectonophysics, 642, 1-15.
Schwartz, S., Gautheron, C., Ketcham, R.A., Brunet, F., Corre, M., Agranier, A., Pinna-Jamme, R., Haurine, F., Monvoin, G., and Riel, N. (2020) Unraveling the exhumation history of high-pressure ophiolites using magnetite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronometry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 543, 116359.
Shields, J.K., Mader, H.M., Pistone, M., Caricchi, L., Floess, D., and Putlitz, B. (2014) Strain-induced outgassing of three-phase magmas during simple shear. Journal of Geophysical Research, 119, 6936-6957.
Shields, J. K., Mader, H. M., Caricchi, L., Tuffen, H., Mueller, S., Pistone, M., and Baumgartner, L. (2014) Unravelling textural heterogeneity in obsidian: Shear-induced outgassing in the Rocche Rosse flow. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 310, 137-158.
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